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- Philosophy studies
- People
- Aristotle - one's highest goal should be the use of one's intellect
- Bachunin, Mikhail - anarchism
- Boethius - reason's role in the face of misfortune
- Comte, Auguste - sociology
- Descartes, Rene - nothing can be considered true unless it can never be doubted under any conditions
- Hume, David - moral beliefs have no basis in reason
- Locke, John - ideas come to mind from experience
- Marcus Aurelius - death is as natural as birth
- Nietzsche, Friedrich - rejected Christian values and championed a "superman"
- Russell, Bertrand - agnostic and pacifist
- Socrates - "The unexamined life is not worth living"
- Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) - anti-Christian diest
- Terms and concepts
- aesthetics - philosophical study of art and beauty
- anarchism - advocates the abolition of an organized state as the ruling government
- British empiricism v. rationalism
- determinism v. free will
- dialectic materialism - progress occurs through conflict and struggle between opposing forces
- Enlightenment - reason is the ruler of human life
- ethical nihilism - morality cannot be justified in any way and all moral values are, therefore, meaningless and irrational
- existentialism - there are no universal values; one's essence is not predetermined but is based only on free choice
- humanism - humankind's well-being and happiness in this lifetime are primary and the good of all humanity is the highest ethical goal
- naturalism - all that there is in reality is what the physical and human sciences (physics or psychology) study and there is no need to posit any supernatural forces or being
- natural law - there is a higher law than that put forth by humanity; this law is universal, unchanging, and a fundamental part of human nature; ; can be discovered by reason alone
- phenomenalism - the only knowledge we can ever have is of appearances; we can never know the nature of ultimate reality
- pluralism - there are seperate and independent levels of reality
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